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Interaction between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption, Physical Activity, and Smoking Status in the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
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S Hosseinpour-Niazi    , H Malmir , P Mirmiran , F Azizi |
| Nutrition and Endocrine Research center, Research Institute for Endocrine Disorders, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, , s.hossainpour@yahoo.com |
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Abstract: (2 Views) |
Introduction: Ultra-processed food consumption is associated with unhealthy lifestyle factors such as smoking and low physical activity levels. This study aimed toinvestigate the interaction between ultra-processed food consumption and lifestyle factors (physical activity and smoking) in the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 1915 adults from the third phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were followed for 8.9 years. Nutritional information was collected using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Ultra-processed food consumption was calculated based on the NOVA system. Individuals were classified into two groups based on smoking and physical activity status: smokers and non-smokers, and low, moderate, and high physical activity groups, respectively. An interaction was observed between physical activity level and smoking status during the follow-up period and ultra-processed food intake with the risk of metabolic syndrome using the interaction term test in the Cox model (P<0.001). Results: The risk of metabolic syndrome after adjusting for confounding variables was 27% higher in the highest quartile of ultra-processed food intake compared with the lowest quartile (hazard ratio: 1.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.82). Among individuals with low physical activity and smokers, consumption of ultra-processed foods increased the risk of metabolic syndrome by 41% (hazard ratio: 1.41; 95% confidence interval: 1.14-2.37) and 23% (hazard ratio: 1.23; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.68), respectively. Conclusions: Consumption of ultra-processed foods, especially in combination with a sedentary lifestyle and smoking, significantly increases the risk of metabolic syndrome.
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| Keywords: Ultra-processed foods, Physical activity, Smoking, Metabolic syndrome, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study |
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Full-Text [PDF 902 kb]
(3 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Original |
Subject:
Nutrition
Received: 2025/06/1 | Accepted: 2025/08/11 | Published: 2025/03/30
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