Introduction: Glutamine plays a key role in cell protection following stress, by causing a simultaneous increase in hsp72 expression, which is dependent on glutamine metabolism and its relation with cortisol levels and gluconeogenesis. Materials and Methods: To assess the effect of glutamine supplement ingestion on hsp72, cortisol and glucose plasma changes after exercise, 28 soccer players were divided in four groups the control, supplement, supplement-exercise and the exercise groups. 0.5 g/kgBw supplement and placebo consumed 5ml/kgBw volume of water one hour prior to the exercise protocol, which included 3 stages of 20 minutes running (80% HRmax intensity) with 5 minute rest periods between each stage. Baseline, and pre, post and 90 minutes after exercise, blood sampling was done and cortisol, glucose and hsp72 levels were measured using RIA, Enzymatic, and Elisa tests respectively. Data was analyzed with MANOVA and Bonferoni post hoc tests, P≤0.05 values being considered significant. Results: Plasma cortisol and plasma glucose levels showed no significant changes in the groups, hsp72 while expression in the supplement and the supplement exercise groups was increased. Conclusion: Role of glutamine, independent of its relation with cortisol and glocostatic is a stimulator of hsp72 expression which is further increased by combining the supplement with exercise, suggesting that athletes may want to use glutamine prior to taking part in matches or intense exercises.

Introduction: Systemic inflammation plays a main role in the incidence of diabetes complications. Probiotics can be used in the treatment of diabetes complications for its anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic supplement on glycemia, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This randomized double blind clinical trial was carried out on 59 diabetic patients, aged 25-65 years, referred to the Taleghani Hospital in Tehran. They were randomly divided in 2 groups, the probiotic and the placebo. Patients in each group received 2 capsules per day for 6 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after intervention to evaluate glycemic control, insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers. Results: Mean fasting blood glucose was significantly decreased by 9% (132.7±34 vs. 146.5±44) in the probiotic group during the intervention (P=0.001). Results of the analysis of covariance showed that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance, whereas there were none observed in IL-6 and TNFα between the two groups after intervention. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that probiotic consumption may help in diabetes control through reducing glycemia and insulin resistance.