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The Effect of Salt Intake Management Educational Interventions on Knowledge, Attitude, Performance, and 24-Hour urinary Sodium Excretion in Adults: A Systematic Review
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N Rasaei    , Z Bahadoran |
| Micronutrient Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Disorders, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran , z.bahadoran@sbmu.ac.ir |
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Abstract: (11 Views) |
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of educational interventions on salt intake management, focusing on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in adults. Materials and Methods: This Systematic review was conducted by searching international and domestic databases up to 2025. Relevant keywords included educational intervention, salt intake, sodium reduction, knowledge, attitude, practice, and 24-hour urinary sodium. Inclusion criteria were interventional studies focusing on adult populations. Review articles, animal studies, and studies without full-text access were excluded from the search. Results: Among the 13 included studies (6368 participants), diverse educational interventions had been employed. The results indicated that, in most studies, the educational interventions led to increases in the mean knowledge score of up to 38%, improvements in the attitude score of 8% to 18%, and enhancements in the practice score of 7% to 29%. Regarding objective indicators, these interventions in several studies resulted in reductionsin salt intake ranging from 380 to 1834 mg per day and in decreasesin 24-hour urinary sodium excretion of 169 to 278 mg per day. However, the impact on the objective measure of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was less consistent and more contradictory than that onthe subjective KAP indicators. Furthermore, the findings the need for continuous, repeated interventions to sustain long-term effects, particularly in reducing salt intake. Conclusion: Educational interventions are effective in improving KAP in the short term. Nevertheless, to achieve sustained reductions in actual salt consumption and in objective biomarkers, the design and implementation of continuous, multifaceted educational interventions grounded inrobust theoretical frameworks are essential.
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| Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, 24-hour urinary sodium, Systematic review, Adults |
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Full-Text [PDF 1105 kb]
(15 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Review |
Subject:
Nutrition
Received: 2025/09/17 | Accepted: 2025/10/26 | Published: 2025/03/30
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