Introduction: Resistance exercise training represents an effective interventional strategy to augment muscle mass, strength, and function in diabetes. It has been demonstrated that IL-15 (Interleukin-15) can act as an anabolic factor for skeletal muscle, influencing protein metabolism. It has also been suggested that IL-15 could regulate peripheral glucose metabolism. Our aim was to investigate whether resistance training has any effect on IL-15 expression and protein of skeletal muscles in rats with diabetes. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into the control, the training, and the streptozotocin induced diabetic and diabetic training groups. Training groups performed resistance training exercise which consisted of climbing a 1 m ladder with weight added to the tail. IL-15 Gene expression of soleus and Flexor Hallucis Longus muscles was analyzed using real time. Skeletal muscle protein of IL-15 was measured by ELIZA method. Results: The results of this study indicate that resistance training provided an anabolic stimulus sufficient to maintain the Flexor Hallucis Longus muscle mass of the diabetic training group. IL-15 mRNA levels in soleus were increased in the diabetic training group. Protein levels of IL-15 increased in the training and diabetic training groups in both skeletal muscles. Conclusion: Having a high content of mitochondria and relying on an oxidative pathway, soleus muscle was found to be more affected by diabetes. The lack of correlation of IL-15 mRNA and protein levels is partly due to transcriptional and translational blocks, which are present in the IL-15 gene sequence.